秸秆热解气化技术是近年来发展的一项较新的秸秆利用技术，即将秸秆转化为气体燃料的热化学过程。秸秆在气化反应器中氧气不足的条件下发生部分燃烧，以提供气化吸热反应所需的热量，使秸秆在700—850℃左右的气化温度下发生热解气化反应，转化为含H2、CO和低分子烃类的可燃气体。秸秆热解气化得到的可燃气体既可以直接作为锅炉燃料供热，又可以经过除尘、除焦、冷却等净化处理后，为燃气用户集中供气，或者驱动燃气轮发电机或燃气内燃发电机发电。

　　The pyrolysis gasification technology of straw is a relatively new straw utilization technology developed in recent years, which involves the thermochemical process of converting straw into gas fuel. Under the condition of insufficient oxygen in the gasification reactor, straw undergoes partial combustion to provide the heat required for the endothermic gasification reaction. The straw undergoes pyrolysis gasification reaction at a gasification temperature of around 700-850 ℃, converting into combustible gases containing H2, CO, and low molecular hydrocarbons. The combustible gas obtained from the pyrolysis and gasification of straw can be directly used as boiler fuel for heating, or purified through dust removal, coke removal, cooling, etc., to provide centralized gas supply for gas users, or to drive gas turbine generators or gas internal combustion generators for power generation.

　　（一）国内外技术研发现状

　　（1） Current status of domestic and international technology research and development

　　1.国外技术研发现状

　　1. Current situation of foreign technology research and development

　　国外生物质气化技术研究主要集中在气化发电、合成甲醇以及热电联产等方面。美国及欧洲等发达国家农业生产以农场为主，生物质资源集中，合同收购额大，并且由于其森林覆盖率高，生物质资源多为木材以及林业加工废弃物，其生物质气化朝着规模化、自动化、集成化方向发展，但采取的工艺复杂，造价昂贵。目前应用的主要有生物质气化联合循环发电（B／IGCC）以及热电联产（CHP）等，发电效率和综合热效率都较高。欧美发达国家对生物质气化技术也进行了多年的研究，主要将其用于发电，B／IGCC是应用比较广泛的生物质气化发电技术。目前国际上有很多发达国家开展这方面研究并建成多个兆瓦级示范工程，如美国Battelle（63兆瓦）和夏威夷（6兆瓦）项目，欧洲英国（8兆瓦）、芬兰（6兆瓦）以及瑞典Varnamo示范工程等。这些示范工程的原料以木材和经过预处理成型后的生物质原料为主。采用IGCC技术的生物质发电系统主要问题是系统造价高。以意大利12兆瓦的IGCC示范项目为例，发电效率约为31.7％，但建设成本高达25 000元／千瓦，发电成本约1.2元／千瓦时，实用性很差。近年来，发达国家也研究了其他技术路线，如比利时和奥地利的生物质气化外燃式燃气轮机发电技术，美国的斯特林发动机发电技术，在提高发电效率的前提下降低生产成本，但技术仍未成熟，成本依然很高，尚处于示范阶段。

　　The research on biomass gasification technology abroad mainly focuses on gasification power generation, methanol synthesis, and cogeneration. Agricultural production in developed countries such as the United States and Europe is mainly based on farms, with concentrated biomass resources and large contract acquisition amounts. Due to their high forest coverage, biomass resources are mostly wood and forestry processing waste. Biomass gasification is developing towards scale, automation, and integration, but the adopted processes are complex and expensive. At present, the main applications include biomass gasification combined cycle power generation (B/IGCC) and combined heat and power (CHP), which have high power generation efficiency and comprehensive thermal efficiency. Developed countries in Europe and America have also conducted years of research on biomass gasification technology, mainly using it for power generation. B/IGCC is a widely used biomass gasification power generation technology. At present, many developed countries internationally are conducting research in this area and have built multiple megawatt level demonstration projects, such as the Battelle (63 MW) and Hawaii (6 MW) projects in the United States, the United Kingdom (8 MW) and Finland (6 MW) in Europe, and the Varnamo demonstration project in Sweden. The raw materials for these demonstration projects are mainly wood and biomass materials that have been pre treated and formed. The main problem with biomass power generation systems using IGCC technology is the high system cost. Taking the 12 MW IGCC demonstration project in Italy as an example, the power generation efficiency is about 31.7%, but the construction cost is as high as 25000 yuan/kW, and the power generation cost is about 1.2 yuan/kWh, which has poor practicality. In recent years, developed countries have also studied other technological routes, such as the biomass gasification external combustion gas turbine power generation technology in Belgium and Austria, and the Stirling engine power generation technology in the United States, which can reduce production costs while improving power generation efficiency. However, the technology is still immature and the cost is still high, and it is still in the demonstration stage.

　　西方国家对基于固定床的生物质气化发电系统也进行了研究，但低密度生物质的固定床气化发电面临着许多技术难题。目前，意大利AnticheTerreToscana和芬兰技术研究中心正在进行低密度生物质固定床气化技术的研究，并且已经被列入欧盟的JOULE／THERMIE计划中。在热电联产方面，瑞典、丹麦等北欧国家已成功实施了生物质气化的区域热电联产计划，使生物质在提供高品位电能的同时满足供热的要求。瑞典的地区供热和热电联产，生物质能源占到所消耗能源的26％；奥地利建立了燃烧木材剩余物的区域供电、供热系统，目前已有容量为1～2兆瓦的区域供热站近100个。

　　Western countries have also conducted research on biomass gasification power generation systems based on fixed beds, but the fixed bed gasification power generation of low-density biomass faces many technical challenges. At present, Antiche Terre Toscan from Italy and the Technical Research Center of Finland are conducting research on low-density biomass fixed bed gasification technology, which has been included in the EU's JOULE/THERMIE program. In terms of cogeneration, Nordic countries such as Sweden and Denmark have successfully implemented regional cogeneration plans for biomass gasification, enabling biomass to provide high-grade electricity while meeting heating requirements. Regional heating and cogeneration in Sweden, with biomass energy accounting for 26% of energy consumption; Austria has established a regional power and heating system for burning wood residues, and currently has nearly 100 regional heating stations with a capacity of 1-2 megawatts.

　　2.我国技术研发现状

　　2. Current situation of technology research and development in China

　　我国目前生物质气化应用最广泛的领域是集中供气以及中小型气化发电，少量用于工业锅炉供热。农村集中供气工程解决了农作物秸秆的焚烧和炊事用能问题，而生物质气化发电主要针对具有大量生物质废弃物的木材加工厂、碾米厂等工业企业。我国的秸秆气化主要用于供热、供气、发电及化学品合成。

　　The most widely used areas of biomass gasification in China are centralized gas supply and small and medium-sized gasification power generation, with a small amount used for industrial boiler heating. The rural centralized gas supply project solves the problems of burning crop straw and cooking energy, while biomass gasification power generation mainly targets industrial enterprises such as wood processing plants and rice mills that have a large amount of biomass waste. The gasification of straw in China is mainly used for heating, gas supply, power generation, and chemical synthesis.

　　（1）秸秆气化供热。秸秆气化供热是指秸秆经过气化炉气化后，生成的燃气送人下一级燃烧器中燃烧，为终端用户提供热能。秸秆气化供热技术广泛应用于区域供热和木材、谷物等农副产品的烘干等，与常规木材烘干技术相比具有升温快、火力强、干燥质量好的优点，并能缩短烘干周期，降低成本。

　　(1) Straw gasification for heating. Straw gasification heating refers to the process where straw is gasified in a gasifier and the resulting gas is sent to the next stage burner for combustion, providing thermal energy to end users. The straw gasification heating technology is widely used for regional heating and drying of agricultural and sideline products such as wood and grains. Compared with conventional wood drying technology, it has the advantages of fast heating, strong firepower, good drying quality, and can shorten the drying cycle and reduce costs.

　　（2）秸秆气化供气。秸秆气化供气是指气化炉产生的生物质燃气通过相应的配套设备为居民提供炊事用气。秸秆气化供气又分为集中供气和单独供气两种类型。

　　(2) Gasification of straw for gas supply. Straw gasification gas supply refers to the use of biomass gas generated by a gasifier to provide cooking gas for residents through corresponding supporting equipment. Straw gasification gas supply is divided into two types: centralized gas supply and individual gas supply.

　　①秸秆气化集中供气。生物质气化集中供气系统是20世纪90年代以来在我国发展起来的一项新的生物质能源利用技术。它是在农村的一个村或组建立一个生物质气化站，将生物质经气化炉气化后转变成燃气，通过输气管网输送和分配到用户，系统规模一般为数十户至数百户。目前，我国已广泛推广利用生物质气化技术建设集中供气系统，以满足农村居民炊事和采暖用气。

　　① Centralized gas supply through straw gasification. The biomass gasification centralized gas supply system is a new biomass energy utilization technology developed in China since the 1990s. It is a biomass gasification station established in a rural village or group, which converts biomass into gas after gasification in a gasifier, and distributes it to users through a gas pipeline network. The system scale is generally tens to hundreds of households. At present, China has widely promoted the use of biomass gasification technology to build centralized gas supply systems to meet the gas needs of rural residents for cooking and heating.

　　在秸秆气化集中供气系统中，气化炉的选用是根据不同的用气规模来确定的，如果供气户数较少，选用固定床气化炉；如果供气户数多（一般多于1 000户），则使用流化床气化炉更好。秸秆燃气的炉具与普通的城市煤气炉具有所区别，国内此类炉具的生产厂家也较多，效果也较好，可以满足用户要求。

　　In the centralized gas supply system for straw gasification, the selection of gasifier is determined based on different gas consumption scales. If the number of gas supply households is small, a fixed bed gasifier is selected; If there are many gas supply households (generally more than 1000 households), it is better to use a fluidized bed gasifier. The straw gas stove is different from ordinary urban gas stoves, and there are also many manufacturers of such stoves in China with good results, which can meet the requirements of users.

　　②户用秸秆气化供气。该种方式为一家一户的农村居民使用，户用小型秸秆气化炉，产生的燃气直接接人炉灶使用，系统具有体积小、投资少的优点。但也有显著的缺点：由于气化炉与灶直接相连，生物质燃气未得到任何净化处理，因而灶具上连接管及气化炉都有焦油渗出，卫生很差，且易堵塞连接管及灶具；因气化炉较小，气化条件不易控制，产出气体中可燃气成分质量不稳，并且不连续，影响燃用，甚至有安全问题；从点火至产气需要有一定的启动时间，增加了劳动时间，而且该段时间内烟气排放也是个问题。

　　② Household straw gasification for gas supply. This method is used by rural residents on a household by household basis, using a small straw gasifier to directly connect the generated gas to the stove. The system has the advantages of small size and low investment. But there are also significant drawbacks: due to the direct connection between the gasifier and the stove, the biomass gas has not been purified, resulting in tar leakage from the connecting pipes and gasifier on the stove, poor hygiene, and easy blockage of the connecting pipes and stove; Due to the small size of the gasifier and difficult control of gasification conditions, the quality of combustible gas components in the produced gas is unstable and discontinuous, which affects combustion and even poses safety issues; There is a certain start-up time required from ignition to gas production, which increases labor time, and smoke emissions during this period are also a problem.

　　③秸秆气化发电。我国在生物质气化方面有一定的基础。早在20世纪60年代初就开展了这方面的研究工作，近20年来加快了生物质气化发电技术的进一步研究，开发的中小规模气化发电系统具有投资少、原料适应性和规模灵活性好等特点，已研制成功的中小型生物质气化发电设备功率从几千瓦到5 000千瓦。

　　③ Straw gasification for power generation. China has a certain foundation in biomass gasification. Research in this area was carried out as early as the early 1960s, and in the past 20 years, further research on biomass gasification power generation technology has been accelerated. The developed small and medium-sized gasification power generation systems have the characteristics of low investment, good raw material adaptability, and scale flexibility. The power of successfully developed small and medium-sized biomass gasification power generation equipment ranges from several kilowatts to 5000 kilowatts.

　　气化炉的结构有层式下吸式、开心式、下吸式和常压循环流化床气化炉等，采用单燃料气体内燃机和双燃料内燃机，单机最大功率已达500千瓦。

　　The structure of gasification furnaces includes layered down suction, open core, down suction, and atmospheric circulating fluidized bed gasification furnaces. Single fuel gas internal combustion engines and dual fuel internal combustion engines are used, and the maximum power of a single unit has reached 500 kilowatts.

　　农业废弃物气化发电技术经过近年来的研究、探索，分别解决了流化床气化、焦油裂解、低热值燃气机组改造、焦油污水处理和系统控制及优化等各种核心技术，在技术的产品化和标准化研究、提高农业废弃物气化发电站的成套性和实用性方面取得较大进展，形成了具有我国特色的农业废弃物能源利用方式。我国的生物质气化发电正在向产业规模化方向发展，在国内推广很快，而且设备还出口到泰国、缅甸、老挝等东南亚国家和地区。目前已签订的中小型农业废弃物气化发电项目总装机容量40兆瓦以上，成为国际上应用最多的中小型生物质气化发电系统。

　　Through research and exploration in recent years, the technology of agricultural waste gasification power generation has solved various core technologies such as fluidized bed gasification, tar cracking, low calorific value gas turbine transformation, tar wastewater treatment, and system control and optimization. Significant progress has been made in the productization and standardization of technology, as well as in improving the completeness and practicality of agricultural waste gasification power plants, forming a unique energy utilization method for agricultural waste in China. China's biomass gasification power generation is developing towards industrial scale and is rapidly being promoted domestically. The equipment is also exported to Southeast Asian countries and regions such as Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. At present, the total installed capacity of small and medium-sized agricultural waste gasification power generation projects that have been signed is over 40 megawatts, making it the most widely used small and medium-sized biomass gasification power generation system internationally.

　　我国的生物质IGCC示范系统正在建设之中，装机容量为4～6兆瓦。该技术与国外先进的同类技术相当，而设备已全部实现国产化，投资不到国外的2／3，运行成本比国外低50％左右。而目前已有应用的秸秆直燃发电要求生物质资源集中，数量巨大，在大规模利用下才有明显的经济效益。以前我国该技术应用发展较少，国内近期开始从发达国家引进该技术，但项目投资成本高，进口技术的投资成本在1.1万元／千瓦以上，是我国气化发电的1.5倍以上。

　　The biomass IGCC demonstration system in China is currently under construction, with an installed capacity of 4-6 megawatts. This technology is comparable to advanced similar technologies abroad, and all equipment has been localized, with investment less than 2/3 of foreign counterparts and operating costs about 50% lower than foreign counterparts. At present, the straw direct combustion power generation that has been applied requires the concentration and huge quantity of biomass resources, and significant economic benefits can only be achieved through large-scale utilization. Previously, the application and development of this technology in China was relatively limited. Recently, China has started to introduce this technology from developed countries, but the project investment cost is high. The investment cost of imported technology is over 11000 yuan/kilowatt, which is more than 1.5 times that of gasification power generation in China.

　　④秸秆气化合成化学品。目前，通过使用催化剂将CO和H2合成为甲醇、二甲醚的技术已经比较成熟，生物质气化得到的气体中含有CO和H2成分，所以，在一定条件下用生物质气化得到的气体作为合成气原料生产甲醇、二甲醚，为运输业提供代用燃料是可行的，而且这已成为目前研究的重点。美国国家可再生能源实验室正研究用此法合成甲醇，目标是使合成的甲醇成本低于车用汽油。我国在利用生物质气化合成气制甲醇、二甲醚方面也进行了探索性实验研究。

　　④ Chemical synthesis by gasification of straw. At present, the technology of synthesizing CO and H2 into methanol and dimethyl ether through the use of catalysts is relatively mature. The gas obtained from biomass gasification contains CO and H2 components. Therefore, under certain conditions, it is feasible to use the gas obtained from biomass gasification as a raw material for the production of methanol and dimethyl ether, providing alternative fuels for the transportation industry, and this has become the focus of current research. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory in the United States is researching the synthesis of methanol using this method, with the goal of making the cost of synthesized methanol lower than that of automotive gasoline. China has also conducted exploratory experimental research on the use of biomass gasification synthesis gas to produce methanol and dimethyl ether.

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