瓦斯发电机组是将瓦斯（如煤矿瓦斯、沼气）的化学能转化为电能的专用设备，其结构设计围绕瓦斯的燃烧特性与能量转化效率展开，由多个协同工作的系统组成，既需适应瓦斯浓度波动的特点，又要保证运行安全与发电稳定性，在能源回收与环保领域发挥着重要作用。

　　Gas generator set is a specialized equipment that converts the chemical energy of gas (such as coal mine gas and biogas) into electrical energy. Its structural design revolves around the combustion characteristics and energy conversion efficiency of gas, and is composed of multiple collaborative systems. It needs to adapt to the characteristics of gas concentration fluctuations, ensure operational safety and power generation stability, and play an important role in energy recovery and environmental protection.

　　进气与预处理系统是瓦斯发电机组的 “气源保障中枢”，负责将瓦斯安全导入并优化燃烧条件。瓦斯通过管道输送至机组，首先进入过滤装置，滤网拦截气体中的粉尘、水分及杂质（如煤颗粒、油雾），避免堵塞后续部件或影响燃烧效率，滤网需定期清理以保持透气性。稳压装置通过调节阀控制瓦斯流量，当气源压力波动时（如煤矿瓦斯抽采量不稳定），自动调整阀门开度，将压力稳定在 0.1-0.3MPa，确保进入发动机的瓦斯量均匀。对于低浓度瓦斯（甲烷浓度 5%-30%），需配备掺混装置，按比例混入空气使甲烷浓度达到燃烧所需的 10%-15%，过高浓度易引发爆震，过低则无法稳定燃烧，掺混后的气体经混合器充分搅拌，形成均匀的可燃混合气，为高效燃烧奠定基础。

　　The intake and pre-treatment system is the "gas source guarantee center" of the gas generator set, responsible for safely introducing gas and optimizing combustion conditions. Gas is transported to the unit through pipelines and first enters the filtering device. The filter screen intercepts dust, moisture, and impurities (such as coal particles and oil mist) in the gas to avoid blocking subsequent components or affecting combustion efficiency. The filter screen needs to be cleaned regularly to maintain breathability. The stabilizing device controls the gas flow rate through regulating valves. When the gas source pressure fluctuates (such as unstable gas extraction in coal mines), the valve opening is automatically adjusted to stabilize the pressure at 0.1-0.3 MPa, ensuring uniform gas flow into the engine. For low concentration gas (methane concentration of 5% -30%), a blending device should be equipped to mix air in proportion to achieve the required methane concentration of 10% -15% for combustion. Excessive concentration can easily cause detonation, while insufficient concentration cannot stabilize combustion. The blended gas is thoroughly stirred by a mixer to form a uniform combustible mixture, laying the foundation for efficient combustion.

　　发动机本体是能量转化的核心，通过内燃机原理将瓦斯燃烧的热能转化为机械能。气缸与活塞构成燃烧空间，瓦斯混合气进入气缸后，被活塞压缩至一定压力（压缩比通常为 8-10:1），压缩终了时火花塞点火引燃混合气，气体急剧膨胀推动活塞做功，通过连杆带动曲轴旋转输出机械能。针对瓦斯燃烧速度较慢的特点，发动机采用特殊的燃烧室设计 —— 半球形燃烧室增大火焰传播面积，涡流进气道使混合气形成旋转气流，加快燃烧速度，减少未燃气体排放。气门机构由凸轮轴驱动，精确控制进排气门的开启与关闭时机，进气门在活塞下行时打开吸入混合气，排气门在活塞上行时打开排出废气，气门间隙需定期调整（通常 0.2-0.3mm），保证密封性能，避免漏气导致功率下降。

　　The engine body is the core of energy conversion, which converts the thermal energy of gas combustion into mechanical energy through the principle of internal combustion engine. The cylinder and piston form a combustion space. After entering the cylinder, the gas mixture is compressed by the piston to a certain pressure (usually a compression ratio of 8-10:1). At the end of the compression, the spark plug ignites and ignites the mixture. The gas rapidly expands and pushes the piston to do work, which drives the crankshaft to rotate and output mechanical energy through the connecting rod. In response to the slow combustion speed of gas, the engine adopts a special combustion chamber design - a hemispherical combustion chamber to increase the flame propagation area, and a vortex inlet to form a rotating airflow of the mixture, accelerating the combustion speed and reducing unburned gas emissions. The valve mechanism is driven by the camshaft, which precisely controls the opening and closing timing of the intake and exhaust valves. The intake valve opens to suck in the mixture when the piston descends, and the exhaust valve opens to discharge the exhaust gas when the piston ascends. The valve clearance needs to be adjusted regularly (usually 0.2-0.3mm) to ensure sealing performance and avoid power reduction caused by air leakage.

　　排气与净化系统负责处理燃烧废气，减少环境污染并回收余热。排气管路采用耐高温材料（如铸铁、不锈钢），内壁光滑以减少排气阻力，废气经排气管进入催化转化器，其中的贵金属催化剂（如铂、钯）将有害气体（一氧化碳、碳氢化合物）氧化为二氧化碳和水，净化效率可达 90% 以上。对于大型机组，可配备余热锅炉，利用废气余热加热水产生蒸汽，用于供暖或驱动汽轮机二次发电，提高能源综合利用率。排气温度监测装置实时监控废气温度，正常工况下温度为 400-600℃，若温度异常升高（如燃烧不良），系统会发出警报并调整燃烧参数，防止部件过热损坏。

　　The exhaust and purification system is responsible for treating combustion exhaust gases, reducing environmental pollution, and recovering waste heat. The exhaust pipe is made of high-temperature resistant materials (such as cast iron and stainless steel) with smooth inner walls to reduce exhaust resistance. The exhaust gas enters the catalytic converter through the exhaust pipe, where precious metal catalysts (such as platinum and palladium) oxidize harmful gases (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons) into carbon dioxide and water, with a purification efficiency of over 90%. For large units, waste heat boilers can be equipped to use waste heat from exhaust gas to heat water and generate steam, which can be used for heating or driving steam turbines for secondary power generation, improving the comprehensive energy utilization efficiency. The exhaust temperature monitoring device monitors the exhaust gas temperature in real time. Under normal operating conditions, the temperature is between 400-600 ℃. If the temperature rises abnormally (such as poor combustion), the system will issue an alarm and adjust the combustion parameters to prevent component overheating and damage.

　　发电机与控制系统将机械能转化为电能并实现自动化运行。发电机与发动机曲轴通过联轴器连接，曲轴旋转带动发电机转子转动，切割磁感线产生交流电，经整流器转换为直流电或通过逆变器输出稳定的 380V/220V 交流电，满足不同用电需求。控制系统由传感器、控制器和执行器组成，实时监测发动机转速（通常 1500r/min）、水温（80-90℃）、油压等参数，当出现超速、水温过高或油压过低时，立即发出警报并采取措施（如切断瓦斯供应、停机），避免设备损坏。调速器根据负载变化调整发动机转速，负载增加时加大瓦斯供应量并提高转速，负载减少时则降低供应量，确保输出电压稳定在 ±2% 范围内，保证供电质量。

　　The generator and control system convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and achieve automated operation. The generator is connected to the engine crankshaft through a coupling, and the crankshaft rotates to drive the generator rotor to rotate, cutting magnetic induction lines to generate AC power. It is converted into DC power by a rectifier or output stable 380V/220V AC power through an inverter to meet different electricity needs. The control system consists of sensors, controllers, and actuators, which monitor engine speed (usually 1500r/min), water temperature (80-90 ℃), oil pressure, and other parameters in real time. When overspeed, high water temperature, or low oil pressure occurs, an alarm is immediately issued and measures are taken (such as cutting off gas supply, shutting down) to avoid equipment damage. The speed controller adjusts the engine speed according to changes in load. When the load increases, the gas supply is increased and the speed is increased. When the load decreases, the supply is reduced to ensure that the output voltage is stable within ± 2% and to guarantee the quality of power supply.

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