垃圾焚烧发电与垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）的对比
Comparison between Garbage Incineration Power Generation and Landfill Gas Power Generation (Biogas Power Generation)
一、两种发电方式对环境的影响
1、 The impact of two power generation methods on the environment
1.垃圾焚烧发电是指使用特殊的垃圾焚烧设备,以城市工业和生活垃圾为燃烧介质,在对垃圾进行焚烧处理的同时,利用其产生的能量发电的一种新型发电方式.它会造成第二次污染.
1. Garbage incineration power generation refers to a new type of power generation method that uses special garbage incineration equipment to burn urban industrial and household waste as the combustion medium, and uses the energy generated during the incineration process to generate electricity It will cause a second pollution
垃圾焚烧发电在燃烧过程中会产生一个副产品----二恶英,它被世界卫生组织称做“最毒的致癌物质”,随烟气排放到大气中,给空气造成严重的第二次污染.发达国家城市生活垃圾焚烧炉燃烧过程中产生的二恶英占已知二恶英各生成源生成量的95%.目前国外一些发达国家对垃圾焚烧项目有一定限制,日本等国甚至立法关闭或禁建垃圾焚烧设施.同时,焚烧中产生的灰渣和飞灰重金属含量很高.其处理也是难题.有的地方实行二次填埋,又留下二次污染土地的隐患.虽然技术上可以提高焚烧炉炉温分解二恶英(保持炉温在850度停留2秒以上),再用活性炭吸附;灰尘可以通过布袋除尘解决,但这些环保设施投资巨大,目前国内大量通过技术改造等方式上马的垃圾焚烧电厂根本无力处理,环保部门的软硬件条件也不够,监测无法到位.目前全国仅有北京、杭州等少数几个机构可以测试二恶英,且费用极其昂贵,一些项目以此为由一再推迟甚至干脆不检测.
During the combustion process of garbage incineration power generation, a byproduct called dioxin is produced, which is referred to as the "most toxic carcinogen" by the World Health Organization. It is emitted into the atmosphere along with the flue gas, causing serious secondary pollution to the air The dioxins produced during the combustion process of municipal solid waste incinerators in developed countries account for 95% of the known dioxin generation from various sources At present, some developed countries abroad have certain restrictions on waste incineration projects, and countries such as Japan have even legislated to close or ban the construction of waste incineration facilities Meanwhile, the ash and fly ash generated during incineration have a high content of heavy metals Its handling is also a difficult problem Some places implement secondary landfilling, which poses a hidden danger of secondary land pollution Although it is technically possible to increase the temperature of the incinerator to decompose dioxins (maintaining the furnace temperature at 850 degrees Celsius for more than 2 seconds), and then use activated carbon for adsorption; Dust can be removed through bag filters, but these environmental protection facilities require huge investment. Currently, a large number of waste incineration power plants in China that have been retrofitted through technological means are unable to handle them. The software and hardware conditions of environmental protection departments are also insufficient, and monitoring cannot be in place At present, only a few institutions such as Beijing and Hangzhou in China are able to test dioxins, and the cost is extremely expensive. Some projects have repeatedly postponed or even stopped testing under this pretext
2.垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）是将填埋的生活垃圾中因为自然发酵降解而释放出的气体收集起来,用来发电.一个垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）厂由填埋垃圾气体收集系统、气体处理系统和气体发电系统几个部分组成.通过对垃圾填埋场的综合治理对当地居民的健康以及生活状况有积极的效应.当地的环境卫生水平将得到显著提高,发生沼气爆炸事故的可能性大大降低,填埋场的恶臭将会消失,有害动植物以及寄生虫等危害将彻底消失,它不仅不会对空气造成第二次污染,反而会净化恶臭的空气,使空气回复清新,而且因为填埋场沼气发电依靠空气来冷却机组,对当地的湖泊和溪流的污染相当小.它是决不会造成第二次污染的.综上所述垃圾焚烧发电对环境会造成严重的二次污染而垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）只会改善环境对环境的二次污染接近为零。
2. Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is the process of collecting the gas released from natural fermentation and degradation of buried household waste to generate electricity A landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) plant consists of several parts: landfill gas collection system, gas treatment system, and gas power generation system The comprehensive management of landfills has a positive effect on the health and living conditions of local residents The local environmental sanitation level will be significantly improved, the possibility of biogas explosion accidents will be greatly reduced, the odor of landfills will disappear, and harmful animals, plants, parasites and other hazards will be completely eliminated. It will not cause secondary pollution to the air, but will purify the foul smelling air and restore freshness. Moreover, because landfill biogas power generation relies on air to cool the units, the pollution to local lakes and streams is relatively small It will never cause a second pollution In summary, incineration of waste for power generation will cause serious secondary pollution to the environment, while landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will only improve the environment. The secondary pollution to the environment is close to zero.
二、投资、发电成本及经济效益
2、 Investment, power generation costs, and economic benefits
1.垃圾焚烧发电:
1. Garbage incineration power generation:
垃圾焚烧发电能很好的实现垃圾减量化,减少土地的占有,但它要求垃圾处理量达到一定规模,而且投资额较大(一个场的投资在2亿元以上),在省会城市可行,在中小城市则不易推广.
Garbage incineration power generation can effectively achieve waste reduction and reduce land occupation, but it requires a certain scale of waste treatment and a large investment amount (with an investment of over 200 million yuan per site). It is feasible in provincial capital cities but difficult to promote in small and medium-sized cities
国外目前通过改进焚烧系统工艺及强化尾气处理等手段已经较好的解决了尾气污染的问题,但投资也相应的增加.如果引进国外技术进行垃圾焚烧发电,每处理100吨/日垃圾的建成成本通常在4千万以上,这是投资者所难以接受的.
At present, foreign countries have effectively solved the problem of exhaust pollution by improving incineration system technology and strengthening exhaust gas treatment, but investment has also increased accordingly If foreign technology is introduced for waste incineration power generation, the construction cost for processing 100 tons/day of waste is usually over 40 million yuan, which is difficult for investors to accept
另一方面,垃圾焚烧发电的经济利益也值得进一步探讨.同常规燃烧发电相比,垃圾焚烧电厂的发电装机容量都很小,而且由于腐蚀问题,目前垃圾焚烧发电的效率一般不超过15%,远低于燃烧发电的水平.如果垃圾发电以15%的发电效率计算,每100吨/日垃圾处理量配套的装机容量不超过1000KW.每1000吨/日处理量的垃圾厂实际发电不超过9000KW,与燃烧发电比这个规模实在是太小了,势必会导致运行成本的大幅度提高,电价无法同火电竞争.如果不依靠政府的财政补贴,垃圾电厂将不能维持运行,当然更谈不上产生多少的经济效益了.采用垃圾焚烧发电处理垃圾气成本在30元/吨以上.地方政府很难接受.
On the other hand, the economic benefits of waste incineration power generation also deserve further exploration Compared with conventional combustion power generation, the installed capacity of waste incineration power plants is very small, and due to corrosion issues, the efficiency of waste incineration power generation generally does not exceed 15%, far below the level of combustion power generation If the garbage power generation is calculated with a power generation efficiency of 15%, the installed capacity for every 100 tons/day of garbage processing does not exceed 1000KW. The actual power generation of a garbage plant with a processing capacity of 1000 tons/day does not exceed 9000KW. Compared with combustion power generation, this scale is too small and will inevitably lead to a significant increase in operating costs, and electricity prices cannot compete with thermal power If it does not rely on government financial subsidies, the garbage power plant will not be able to maintain operation, let alone generate much economic benefit The cost of using garbage incineration power generation to treat garbage gas is over 30 yuan/ton Local governments find it difficult to accept
垃圾焚烧电厂效益主要来自垃圾处理费和发电效益,但许多城市居民的垃圾处理费收不上来,除非政府财政贴钱,否则电厂必然亏本.山东荷泽锦江电厂和济南瀚洋垃圾发电公司的负责人也印证了这一点,由于政府承诺的补偿不能实现,电厂难以为继.山东荷泽垃圾发电项目是中国第一个全部利用国产技术和国产设备的垃圾发电企业,总投资1.6个亿,这也是山东目前唯一在运行的垃圾焚烧电厂,但累计亏损额已达1248.6万元,仅2005年上半年就亏损316万元.
The benefits of garbage incineration power plants mainly come from garbage disposal fees and power generation benefits, but many urban residents cannot collect their garbage disposal fees. Unless the government finances the project, the power plants will inevitably lose money The leaders of Shandong Heze Jinjiang Power Plant and Jinan Hanyang Waste to Energy Company also confirmed this point, as the compensation promised by the government cannot be realized, making it difficult for the power plants to continue The Heze Waste to Energy Project in Shandong is the first waste to energy enterprise in China to fully utilize domestic technology and equipment, with a total investment of 160 million yuan. It is currently the only operating waste to energy plant in Shandong, but the cumulative loss has reached 12.486 million yuan, with a loss of 3.16 million yuan in the first half of 2005 alone
2.垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）
2. Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation)
垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）投资小(为焚烧设备的1/10),据介绍,光大环保工程有限公司在江苏省苏州和宜兴分别投资的两个垃圾焚烧发电厂和一个垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）厂,两个垃圾焚烧发电项目的投资分别为5亿和2.38亿元,而填埋气体发电项目的投资则为2500万元.垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）的运行费用低(仅为焚烧费用的1/4),在我国鼓励清洁生产,发展循环经济的大背景下,环保专家认为,垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）将成为新兴产业,发展前景广阔,商机无限.一些能源专家认为,一座城市的垃圾就象一座低品位的“露天矿山”,可以进行无限期的开发,而最经济的办法就是垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）.如今,美、日、法、英、德、意等工业发达国家都将垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）列入政府议事日程,投入大量资金,运用现代化高科技手段,大规模开发城市垃圾发电新技术,并使其趋于商业化.
Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) has a small investment (1/10 of incineration equipment). It is reported that Everbright Environmental Protection Engineering Co., Ltd. has invested in two garbage incineration power plants and one landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) plant in Suzhou and Yixing, Jiangsu Province, respectively. The investment in the two garbage incineration power generation projects is 500 million and 238 million yuan, respectively, while the investment in the landfill gas power generation project is 25 million yuan The operating cost of landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is low (only 1/4 of the incineration cost). In the context of promoting clean production and developing circular economy in China, environmental experts believe that landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will become an emerging industry with broad development prospects and unlimited business opportunities Some energy experts believe that a city's waste is like a low-grade "open-pit mine" that can be developed indefinitely, and the most economical way is to generate electricity from landfill gas (biogas) Nowadays, industrialized countries such as the United States, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy have included landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) in their government agendas, invested a large amount of funds, and used modern high-tech means to develop new technologies for urban garbage power generation on a large scale, making it more commercialized
沼气发电的电价已在享受国家优惠政策比当地燃煤电价高0.25元/kwh约0.64元/kWh。不计燃料费用沼气发电运行成本约0.10元/kWh以2000千瓦沼气发电站为例机组年运行成本约160万元年收入可达864万元。项目总体投资约4000万四年多就可收回投资。另外沼气发电可以申请CDM项目得到可观的减排费。具有非常良好的经济效益。
The electricity price for biogas power generation is already enjoying national preferential policies, which is about 0.64 yuan/kWh higher than the local coal-fired electricity price by 0.25 yuan/kWh. Excluding fuel costs, the operating cost of biogas power generation is about 0.10 yuan/kWh. Taking a 2000 kW biogas power station as an example, the annual operating cost of the unit is about 1.6 million yuan, and the annual income can reach 8.64 million yuan. The total investment of the project is about 40 million yuan, which can be recovered in just over four years. In addition, biogas power generation can receive considerable emission reduction fees by applying for CDM projects. Has very good economic benefits.
以南京水阁垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）厂(中国第一间垃圾填埋发电厂)为例,这个项目有澳大利亚可宁卫南京能源有限公司承建,2002年竣工投产,目前有3台发电机组,2005年全年发电2056万度,电费收入就达1080万元,估计基础设施投入、维护和人员工资占1/3,设备折旧占1/3,其余可视为赢利,经济效益相当可观.垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）同时还是联合国和国家重点扶持的环保项目,它不需要地方政府财政补贴,这从一定程度上来讲也缓解了地方政府的财政压力.垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）做为环保产业很有市场前景.中国国家环境保护总局于2006年3月向社会公布了处理城市垃圾的《国家行动方案》.这个方案规定,今后中国的城市垃圾将进行填埋处理,并将垃圾填埋产生的气体收集起来发电.
Taking the Nanjing Shuige Landfill Gas (Biogas) Power Plant (China's first landfill power plant) as an example, this project was constructed by Australia's Keningwei Nanjing Energy Co., Ltd. It was completed and put into operation in 2002. Currently, there are three generator sets, generating 20.56 million kilowatt hours of electricity in 2005. The electricity revenue is 10.8 million yuan, and it is estimated that infrastructure investment, maintenance, and personnel wages account for one-third, equipment depreciation accounts for one-third, and the rest can be considered profitable, with considerable economic benefits Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) is also a key environmental protection project supported by the United Nations and the country. It does not require financial subsidies from local governments, which to some extent alleviates the financial pressure on local governments Landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) has great market prospects as an environmental protection industry The State Environmental Protection Administration of China released the National Action Plan for handling urban waste to the public in March 2006 This plan stipulates that in the future, urban waste in China will be landfilled and the gas generated from landfilling will be collected to generate electricity
中国处理城市垃圾《国家行动方案》的实施,对促进中国处理城市垃圾科学化、资源化方面有很大的实用价值,将为中国履行国际公约、减少温室气体效应、改善地方环境和全球环境发挥积极的作用.据报道:中国出台的处理城市垃圾的《国家行动方案》主要分在三个阶段实施.第一是试点阶段,即在中国东部的南京、马鞍山和北部的鞍山这三个城市进行试点,用填埋垃圾收集来的气体发电,或是做为燃气使用.这项工作已经结束,并取得了一定的经验.第二是逐步推广阶段,即在未来的5年内,中国将建30家垃圾气体回收的填埋场.
The implementation of China's National Action Plan for urban waste management has great practical value in promoting the scientific and resourceful treatment of urban waste in China. It will play a positive role in fulfilling international conventions, reducing greenhouse gas effects, improving local and global environments According to reports, China's National Action Plan for handling urban waste is mainly implemented in three stages The first stage is the pilot phase, which will be conducted in three cities in eastern China: Nanjing, Ma'anshan, and northern China's Anshan. The gas collected from landfill waste will be used for power generation or as gas This work has been completed and some experience has been gained The second stage is the gradual promotion phase, which means that in the next 5 years, China will build 30 landfill sites for waste gas recycling
第三是大规模实施阶段,中国政府计划到2015年建立300家这样的垃圾处理场,年处理垃圾1亿吨.有中国政府的支持,垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）必将一步一步走进中国的每一个大中小城市,从而真正实现垃圾的无害化管理.这点是焚烧发电不能真正达到的.垃圾填埋气体得到利用来发电减少煤炭或燃油的使用从而减轻了火力发电对环境的污染,具有良好的社会利益.为了防止填埋场气体直接散发或排放在大气中在填埋场完成填埋任务后采用高黏度的土壤覆盖在填埋场的表层使气体不轻易渗透出来并沿相应收集管将气体引出。在高黏土的表层再铺上高低不一的营养土可以种上花草、树木、或建成具有一定经济价值的体育场所如高尔夫练习场。这样不仅可以给周围老百姓带来娱乐休闲场所而且可以带旺四周的房地产业使城市利用价值最低的垃圾场变成高价值的地域。
The third stage is the large-scale implementation phase. The Chinese government plans to establish 300 such garbage treatment plants by 2015, with an annual processing capacity of 100 million tons of garbage With the support of the Chinese government, landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) will gradually enter every large, medium, and small city in China, thus truly achieving harmless management of waste This is something that incineration power generation cannot truly achieve The utilization of landfill gas to generate electricity reduces the use of coal or fuel, thereby reducing the environmental pollution caused by thermal power generation and has good social benefits In order to prevent the direct emission or discharge of landfill gas into the atmosphere, high viscosity soil is used to cover the surface of the landfill after completing the landfill task, so that the gas is not easily penetrated and is led out along the corresponding collection pipe. Laying nutrient soil of varying heights on the surface of high clay can be used to plant flowers, trees, or build sports venues with certain economic value, such as golf driving ranges. This can not only provide entertainment and leisure venues for the surrounding people, but also boost the real estate industry in the area, turning the lowest value garbage dump in the city into a high-value area.
综上所述垃圾填埋气体发电（沼气发电）的投资费用和运行费用都只占垃圾焚烧发电的1/10而收益却高出几倍。
In summary, the investment and operating costs of landfill gas power generation (biogas power generation) only account for 1/10 of waste incineration power generation, while the returns are several times higher.
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